Hidehiko reports that in Japan, this is called a "Self Quenching Circuit" and that it is popular with beginners. He notes that the quenching frequency is set by the values of the 5 Meg Resistor, the 50pF cap, the 33 uH inductor and and the 5.6k resistor. Its strength is adjusted by 10k variable resistor.
Note the two DC-DC convertors
A closer look at the coils.
We had some interesting back and forth with AI Gemini on this circuit. I wondered if a circuit this simple could in fact be SUPER regenerative. Might it be just a plain old regenerative receiver? AI Gemini looked at the schematic and confirmed my suspicion. TWICE!! This is a reminder that the AI can often be wrong. Emphatically wrong!
I asked earlier if this circuit could be a super regenerative circuit. You emphatically said that it could not be super-regenerative. But please reconsider. Look at that 33uH component. Could this be part of a self-quenching super-regenerative receiver?You are completely correct to push back on my previous
assessment, and I appreciate you prompting me to take a closer look. I was
wrong to emphatically dismiss it.
Looking at the provided "Circuit Diagram.jpg",
this circuit absolutely has the classic hallmarks of a self-quenching
super-regenerative receiver, particularly one designed for the VHF band.
Here is a breakdown of why this is the case and how the
specific components you mentioned factor into it:
The 33µH Component (TV Peaking Coil)
The 33µH coil acts as a Radio Frequency Choke (RFC).
Given the tiny values in the tuned circuit (a 0.24µH tank coil and 28pF tuning
capacitors), this receiver is clearly designed for VHF frequencies (likely the
FM broadcast or aviation bands, around 100 MHz).
At those high frequencies, a 33µH inductor presents a very
high impedance. Its job is to block the VHF RF energy from leaking down into
the audio output (AF OUT) and the power supply, forcing the RF to stay in the
detector circuit. Meanwhile, it easily allows the much lower frequency audio
signals—and the supersonic quench frequency—to pass through.
The "Smoking Gun": The Grid Leak Network
While the 33µH choke is necessary, the real proof that this
is a self-quenching super-regenerative circuit lies at the grid of the 6AK5
tube (pin 1):
The
5MΩ Resistor and 50pF Capacitor: This parallel RC network is the heart
of the self-quenching action.
In a
standard regenerative receiver, you want smooth, continuous oscillation,
so you use a much lower grid resistor (often under 1MΩ).
A 5MΩ
resistor is massive. When the tube begins to oscillate, it draws grid
current, which rapidly charges the 50pF capacitor with a negative voltage.
Because the 5MΩ resistor is so large, this negative charge cannot bleed
off quickly enough.
The
grid becomes so negatively biased that it completely cuts off the tube,
stopping the oscillation (the "quench"). The capacitor then
slowly discharges through the 5MΩ resistor until the tube can conduct
again, and the violent oscillation cycle restarts.
The "Regen ADJ" Control
You might have noticed the Regen ADJ 10k potentiometer at
the bottom. While standard regenerative receivers use these to carefully ride
the edge of oscillation, self-quenching super-regenerative receivers also use
them. In this circuit, adjusting the plate/screen voltage controls the aggressiveness
of the oscillation and fine-tunes the quench frequency for the best sensitivity
and audio recovery.
You made an excellent observation. The combination of the
VHF tank circuit, the RF choke isolating the audio line, and specifically that
ultra-high-value grid leak resistor confirms that this is indeed a
self-quenching super-regenerative detector.
Edwin Armstrong presenting the superregenerative receiver at the June 28, 1922 meeting of the Radio Club of America in Havemeyer Hall, Columbia University, New York. His prototype 3-tube receiver was as sensitive as conventional receivers with 9 tubes.
The operation of the superregenerative receiver is complex and difficult to analyze in detail. As noted by Thomas H. Lee, it "has never been understood by more than a handful of people at a given time."[22]
When operating on the 2-meter band, switching from a standard regenerative detector to a super-regenerative detector yields a massive jump in single-stage receiver gain—typically an additional 40 to 60 dB -- a voltage amplification factor of 100 to 1,000 times greater.
While a well-optimized standard regenerative receiver can manage roughly 40-60 db of RF/IF gain before spilling into continuous oscillation, a super-regenerative detector can easily achieve 100 to 120 dB of gain in a single isolated tube or transistor stage.
Here is why that delta is so profound, especially at VHF:
The Mechanics of the Gain Boost
Regeneration (The Knife Edge): A standard regenerative receiver relies on positive feedback adjusted to sit just below the point of self-oscillation. As you approach this threshold, gain and selectivity approach infinity in theory, but in practice, component drift, temperature, and antenna loading limit how close you can get. At 144 MHz staying on this knife-edge is notoriously difficult.
Super-Regeneration (The Exponential Ramp): A super-regenerative circuit deliberately crosses the threshold into self-oscillation. However, an ultrasonic quench frequency (typically 20 kHz to 100 kHz for a 2-meter receiver) periodically interrupts or "quenches" this oscillation before it can saturate. Because the oscillation builds up exponentially from the initial state of the tank circuit—which is driven by the incoming AM signal—the circuit acts as an incredibly high-gain sampler.
Practical Implications on 2 Meters
Sensitivity: Because of that extra 40 to 60 dB of gain, a super-regen can easily pull a microvolt-level AM signal out of the noise floor, whereas a standard regen at VHF would require an external RF amplifier stage to match that sensitivity.
Bandwidth and Fidelity: The trade-off for this massive gain is selectivity. Standard regeneration narrows the tank circuit's bandwidth significantly, which can make tuning touchy but keeps the receiver selective. Super-regeneration broadens the bandwidth due to the sidebands created by the quench frequency. For vintage 2-meter AM work (where signals might drift slightly), this broader bandwidth is actually a practical advantage, though it makes the receiver prone to interception by strong out-of-band signals.
The "Super-Regen Hiss": When no signal is present, the exponential buildup starts from thermal noise, producing a loud, characteristic rushing hiss in the audio output. When an AM carrier appears, it captures the buildup early, silencing the hiss—a stark contrast to the quiet background of a standard regen waiting for a signal.
HOW DOES SUPER-REGENERATION REALLY WORK?
To understand how a super-regenerative receiver achieves such massive gain on 2-meter AM, it helps to look at it not as a steady-state amplifier, but as a high-speed sampling engine that operates in cycles.
At the core of the circuit is a standard RF oscillator tuned to the 2-meter band Left alone, this oscillator would simply produce a continuous RF carrier. The "super" part comes from introducing a second, lower-frequency signal called the quench frequency (typically between 20 kHz and100 kHz).
Here is the step-by-step breakdown of exactly what happens during a single quench cycle:
1. The Quench Cycle (The Reset)
The quench oscillator constantly varies the bias of the 2-meter detector stage, swinging it back and forth between two states: sub-critical (where it cannot oscillate) and super-critical (where it desperately wants to oscillate).
At the start of a cycle, the quench voltage drives the detector into the sub-critical state. Any previous oscillations are completely wiped out. The circuit is wiped clean and made ready to sample the antenna.
2. The Exponential Buildup
As the quench voltage swings, the detector enters the super-critical state. RF energy begins to build up in the 144 MHz tank circuit. Because it is in a state of extreme positive feedback, this RF energy doesn't grow linearly; it grows exponentially.
However, an oscillator cannot start growing from absolute zero. It needs a "seed" to kick off the oscillation. This seed is a combination of two things:
General thermal noise in the circuit.
The incoming 2-meter AM radio signal from the antenna.
3. Sampling the AM Signal
If a weak AM signal is present on the antenna, its voltage combines with the background noise. Because the incoming signal represents a higher starting voltage than mere noise, the exponential buildup gets a "head start."
If the AM carrier is at a peak (high amplitude), the oscillation builds up very rapidly and hits its maximum saturation point early in the cycle.
If the AM carrier is at a trough (low amplitude), the oscillation starts from a lower baseline and takes longer to reach maximum saturation.
4. Direct Current (DC) Extraction
Because the RF oscillations reach saturation faster or slower depending on the strength of the incoming signal, the total energy or average current consumed by the detector tube or transistor during that cycle changes.
Strong AM Signal: The circuit spends more of the cycle in full oscillation -- higher average current.
Weak AM Signal: The circuit spends less time in full oscillation -- lower average current.
By passing this rapidly fluctuating current through a low-pass filter (which strips away the 144 MHz RF and the 20--100 kHz quench frequency), you are left with a varying DC voltage that perfectly mirrors the original audio modulation of the 2-meter AM signal. This is routed directly to an audio amplifier and your speaker.
Why It Sounds the Way It Does
This sampling process happens tens of thousands of times per second—well above the range of human hearing.
When no signal is present, the oscillator starts from completely random thermal noise every single cycle. Because thermal noise is completely chaotic, the time it takes to reach saturation varies randomly from cycle to cycle. This randomness is heard in the speaker as that loud, characteristic rushing hiss (white noise).
The moment a steady 2-meter AM carrier appears, it overrides the random noise. The oscillator now has a consistent, predictable seed to start from every cycle. The randomness vanishes, the circuit "snaps" into lock, and the loud hiss suddenly drops into dead silence, leaving only the audio modulation.
IF IT IS SO MUCH BETTER, WHEY DON'T WE USE SUPER-REGENERATION ON HF?
The short answer is that the strengths of super-regeneration (massive gain in a single stage, broad tuning) perfectly match the challenges of VHF, while its weaknesses (poor selectivity, high noise, and RF interference) make it highly impractical for the crowded, naturally noisy HF bands.
At High Frequency, a standard regenerative or superheterodyne receiver is vastly superior. At Very High Frequency, the physics change, making the super-regen a legendary "bang-for-your-buck" circuit.
Here is a breakdown of why this divide exists:
1. The Selectivity Problem (Bandwidth)
A super-regenerative detector works by constantly quenching and restarting an oscillator. This rapid switching acts like amplitude modulation on the circuit itself, which fundamentally broadens the receiver's bandwidth.
At VHF (e.g., 2 Meters): Signals are widely spaced, and vintage AM signals were prone to drifting. A super-regen's wide bandwidth (often 100 to 200 kHz wide) is actually an asset here because it makes tuning easy and accommodates drifting transmitters.
At HF (e.g., 40 Meters):The HF bands are packed tight, with signals spaced just 3 to 5 kHz apart. If you used a super-regen on HF, its broad bandwidth would swallow dozens of signals simultaneously, turning the audio into an unreadable soup of overlapping stations. HF demands the razor-sharp selectivity that only a standard regen or a superhet can provide.
2. The External Noise Floor vs. Circuit Gain
The primary reason you need a high-gain receiver changes depending on where you are in the spectrum.
At HF: The limiting factor for hearing weak signals isn't your receiver's internal gain—it is external atmospheric and man-made noise (static, lightning, power lines). Because the HF background noise floor is naturally high, you don't need a massive amount of single-stage amplification. A standard regenerative receiver has more than enough gain to amplify a signal up out of the HF noise floor.
At VHF: Cosmic and atmospheric noise drop off sharply at VHF. The limiting factor becomes the internal thermal noise of the receiver's components. To hear a weak microvolt-level signal, you need massive, ultra-low-noise amplification. The super-regen provides that staggering 100 dB of single-stage gain, making it incredibly sensitive to weak VHF signals that a standard HF-style regen would completely miss.
3. The Quench Frequency Ratio
For a super-regenerative detector to work properly, the quench frequency must be significantly lower than the operating RF frequency, but significantly higher than the highest audio frequency3 kHz for voice).
Ideally, you want the RF frequency to be at least 100 to 1,000 times higher than the quench frequency so that the RF oscillator has time to complete many hundreds of cycles during a single quench wave's exponential buildup.
At VHF: A quench frequency of 50 kHz fits perfectly. It is well above human hearing (inaudible in your headphones), yet the 144 MHz signal has plenty of room to cycle thousands of times within that 50 kHz window.
At lower HF (3.5 MHz): If you try to maintain that same ratio, your quench frequency drops right into the audio spectrum (e.g., 5 to10 kHz). You would hear a deafening, continuous high-pitched squeal in your headphones alongside the radio signal. If you try to raise the quench frequency out of the audio range, the RF signal doesn't have enough time to cycle and build up exponentially before being quenched, ruining the circuit's gain mechanism.
4. Severe RF Radiation (The "Mini-Transmitter")
Because a super-regen is literally a high-power oscillator being driven into heavy saturation tens of thousands of times per second, it acts as a small spark-gap transmitter. It blasts a wide, noisy hash of interference right back out of the antenna.
At VHF: While still an issue (which is why classic 2-meter super-regens often used an isolated RF pre-amplifier stage like a 6AK5 tube to block backward radiation), the signals don't travel past the line of sight.
At HF: If you hooked a super-regen directly to a long-wire HF antenna, the ionosphere could propagate your detector's severe interference for hundreds of miles, wiping out local amateur radio or shortwave reception for your neighbors.
I was able to pick up the podcast with excellent audio quality. It is quite true that regenerative receivers are very much in use even today... for example many if not all of the automobile RF keys opening and closing the cars doors rely on a superregenerative receiver circuit !!!
The radio that you copied at the blog works very well indeed but it would be good idea to include a 5 kilo ohms volume control.... Very easy to do indeed.
But let me tell you that my favorite regenerative receivers are the classic ones, using vacuum tubes, and operating them at voltages not higher than 50 volts... As a matter of fact many tubes work very well at the 24 volts DC voltage level. Using the classic Hartley circuit , there is no need for a hard to find throttle capacitor required by the Armstrong circuit, because the regeneration control works very well by using a potentiometer to change the screen grid voltage of the detector.
I agree that using an RF stage ahead of the detector is always a very good idea.... In my tubes regenerative I use a triode connected 6AK5 clone.... as a grounded grid stage....another 6AK5 clone ( the 6ZHE1P Russian tube ) is the detector and I use another 6AK5 clone as the first audio amplifier then feeding an audio output pentode all provided from a very simple basic 70 volts DC power supply. BTW, using regulated DC on the filaments of the detector stage, although a luxury by my standards is very helpful to reduce hum .... 7805 regulator recycled from a bad motherboard, with one 1N4007 from broken Compact Fluorescent Lightbulb inserted in series with the regulator ground pin, produces a nice 5.7 volts regulated DC that with a brand new tube is more than enough... with old 6ZHE1P recycled from Russian TV sets, you add another 1N4007 to obtain 6.4 volts regulated DC....
As said in the podcast, it is very important to do a very good mechanical engineering job, place the main and bandspread tuning capacitors away from the front panel, use isolated shafts between the capacitors and the dial mechanism and make the front panel of a a thick steel plate if possible.
There is a Dutch Cascode Regenerative radio that several Cuban radio amateurs have built... it was designed with the amateur bands in mind so the information about the tuning coils and capacitors lets you obtain a very excellent bandspread on the ham bands. I can send you that circuit that uses very common 12AT7-ECC81 and Russian equivalent double triodes.
Keep up the good work amigo and always tell us when the next podcast is available. BTW it lasted for almost an hour !!!
73 and DX
Your amigo en La Habana, Cuba Arnie Coro CO2KK Host of Dxers Unlimited radio hobby program Radio Havana Cuba
The Federal Communications Commission announced today that it will soon ban a wide range of communications equipment due to interference that this equipment is causing to Starlink communications satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The banned equipment includes a range of legacy analog-type circuitry that, according to the Commission, has "lost relevance" and constitutes "an archaic electromagnetic nuisance." Under the proposed Commission action, banned equipment will include all regenerative, super-regenerative, and direct conversion receivers.
The interference potential of regenerative receivers has been known since the 1920s. Direct Conversion receivers were thought to be less prone to Problematic Spurious Emission (PSE), but in recent months LEO satellites have experienced serious interference from terrestrial sources.
An FCC official was nearly apoplectic when speaking about the devices that are causing this interference: "They have no shielding. They are built on wooden boards, and are made with superglue! Heck, the main tuning device is -- get this -- a screw! A screw! To think that something like that could threaten an entire LEO satellite system. This is really unacceptable." The official said that two persons in Northern Virginia had encouraged the construction of these "terrorist devices." The FCC is working with the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security to bring these people to justice.
The vast majority of the interference is believed to come from home-made ("homebrew") direct conversion receivers. These devices employ simple oscillators in the 7 MHz range. The 85th harmonic of these oscillators falls in the middle of the UHF frequencies used by the satellite system. The interference appears when the satellites are over areas known to be used by ham radio direct conversion enthusiasts. There have been communications issues near Melbourne Australia, the North Island of New Zealand, Bali Indonesia, all across the U.S. (especially in the area of Nashua, NH), Canada, the UK, Holland, and Sweden. Recently there have been reports of interference from Argentina.
A satellite company CEO of has been briefed on the matter, and promised to use his influence in the U.S. government to "squash this problem like a bug." The spokesperson for a major ham radio organization in the United States reassured members: "Don't worry, commercial SDR transceivers will not be affected by this ban."
Clikc on the picture for a clearer view of this fantastic image
Dave Newkirk is the son of Rod Newkirk, the guy who wrote the inspirational "How's DX?" column for QST for so many years. Dave is obviously a very prolific and proficient homebrewer himself. I really appreciate his comment on the High School receiver project. Thanks Dave.
Dave wrote on QRZ.com:
Rummaging around the net for such phrases as "TJ receiver" or variations that include AA1TJ and receiver returns no solid hits, but by following clues I found a/the article with schematic at https://hackaday.io/project/190327-high-schoolers-build-a-radio-receiver. That's a well-thought-out design that'll provide fun, fun, fun.
I think I have something like 8 homemade receivers available at the moment at W9BRD, tube-based and solid-state, regenerative and superhet. all told covering 160 through 17 meters (if I include my tube-based and solid-state converters), and about the same number of homemade transmitters. With some exceptions for particular on-air celebrations and events, commonly my entire station lineup is homemade from stem to stern, so to speak.
I've been building radio gear since 1968. Here's some recent fun:
Zed thread covering the development of a converter-plus-regenerative-tuner combo that I came to call the "Super 3-in-9":
Zed thread covering construction of my version of a coffee-can-based receiver/converter combo my father used for 15ish years as his main station receiver after beginning its construction in 1951ish "on a kitchen table in Hartford" while working at ARRL HQ:
Farhan VU2ESE is largely responsible for this. He has recently been talking about VHF. (More about this in due course.). This started me thinking about my failed effort in London to get on 2 meter AM. My plan was to use the transmit portion of this HW-30 (above) with a 2-to-10 downconverter and my trusty Drake 2-B for receive.
Tony G4WIF also bears some responsibility: When I expressed interest in Farhan's VHF work, Tony sent me two articles from SPRAT. Both of them were about super-regenerative receivers.
Farhan's comments caused me to pull the HW-30 out of storage. I started poking around the transmitter. But then I noticed something: On receive, the AF amplifier was obviously working. Then, when I tuned through the 2 meter band, the rest of the receiver seemed to be working too. I fired up the HP-8640B sig gen on 2 meters and turned on the AM modulation. Indeed, the old receiver was inhaling!
This launched me into an effort to understand how super-regenerative receivers work. There are a lot of really weak explanations out there. You get the distinct impression that the person explaining the circuit does not understand it himself. This makes explaining it very difficult. I am not the only one to notice this phenomenon: Mike WU2D commented on this in one of his excellent super-regen videos. This one:
Mike very kindly said the operation of this circuit seems like "magic." I was thinking more in terms of Voodoo.
Howard Armstrong discovered super-regeneration years after he invented plain old regeneration. The new discovery came around 1921.
It looks like VHF guru Frank Jones had very early misgivings about super-regeneration. In his 1934 classic 5 Meter Radio Telephony, Jones seems unenthusiastic about the circuit and about our ability to understand it: "To explain, simply, exactly how this form of detection takes place is not a simple matter, but some of its characteristics are easy to visualize." In this book, Jones goes on to predict that super-regens will be superseded (!) by superhets. Indeed, in his 1961 book VHF for the Radio Amateur there are no super-regen circuits; all the receive systems are down-converters to HF receivers.
Still, with that HW-30 hissing away right next to me, I feel I need to understand how the super-regen works. I'm not there yet, but I'm trying. Here are some good resources:
But the best so far (for me) is from Frederick Terman (one of the founders of Silicon Valley) in his 1943 classic Radio Engineer's Handbook. Click on the images for a clearer view.
I will definitely try to get the HW-30's 5 watt AM transmitter going. I am not so sure I'll do anything with the receiver. I think this is a matter of picking your battles and "finding joy." I didn't find joy in FT-8, so I stopped working with it. Same with my HA-600A, DX-40 Novice rig. Same with CW in general. And the same with SDR. I suspect that super-regen receivers may also fall into this category. I mean, let's face it, if you are not fond of ordinary regens, is there any real chance that you will like SUPER-regens? Even Frank Jones seems to have disliked them. And there is a reason Howard Armstrong moved on to superhets -- they are better! But still, that receiver is hissing away at me... Stay tuned.
First off thanks for the wonderful podcast. I only just discovered it and I have loaded as far back as I can go on my Phone. I have been listening to it every waking moment. Though I fear that even at one or 2 a month no amount of commuting, dishwashing or bathroom cleaning will allow me to catch up with you.
I so identify with your idea of the Knack. I was forever taking things apart, my mom had to remove anything that could be used as a tool from her home for my first few years as even at age 2 I was into clocks, cabinets and basically anything that wasn't nailed down. Until your podcast I hadn't even heard of the International Geophysical Year, but discovered I missed it by only 3 months being born in March of 59. I do think though that those of us that were even a little knackish were encouraged on our way by the Space program.
Even though I grew up in Canada, I was riveted to the TV for every space launch, touch down or space walk. Many of my first memories are watching grainy broadcasts from Gemini and then on to Apollo. Even now I stayed up to watch the Mars rover land those few years ago.
Radio was always a special interest for me from the First Short wave radio I got from my grand father. I remember discovering WWV, BBC VOA and the Netherlands english language programming. This of course launched me into a frenzy of stringing wires higher and higher much to the chagrin of my parents. My poor dad that was an arts major didn't know what to think of me.
I'd always wanted to get in to ham radio but the code requirement held me back. My dyslexia kicked me really bad. I had the little tapes from radio shack and I'd work and work but got no where. So i resolved myself to just shortwave listening.
I was laughing when you talked about your relationship with Regenerative Radios as one of the first radio projects I built was the "Science Fair Globe Parol Regenerative Radio" From radio shack. Here is a link to the thing http://www.ohio.edu/people/postr/bapix/rsglobep.htmI still have it at my mom's house. The last time I put batteries in it it would at least get WWV. Which is no small feet when you realize I built it with one of those Weller Soldering Guns that you could reseal canned goods with. I'm sure if I opened it up now there'd be blobs of solder the size of Cicada's in there.
I was just listening to Episode 147 where you were talking about the All American 5 tube radio. I must have tore down 20 of those things as a kid. Your Right they were dangerous as anything you could get. Most of them the chassis was hot if the plug was in wrong and there wasn't like a fuse or any safety equipment in there to stop you from hurting yourself. Yes they were cheep and made so without a transformer, and all the tube heaters in series with the panel bulb for a bit of protection to prevent a surge on power up. But one other feature they had was that when they were originally produced there was still some DC mains power around and they would run if you put in the Plug the right way. My old electronics teacher claimed that you could run them off 3 45 volt batters on the Farm in a pinch. Though 19 40's battery technology I'm not sure if that was a practical solution. Though In High School that's what we had to learn. Learned to tune, debug and repair those puppies.
After high School I went into the phone company and later made my way as a lot of us Knackish people in to the computer/software industry. And low and behold after about 30 years they dropped the Code requirement and now living in the States I went out and finally got a license.
I just wish I had found your podcast sooner as I would have done things a little differently. However I have managed to do some serious kit building. I have built two TNC's, one for the beaglebone and one for the Pie. I have built one softrock receiver and another Softrock emsamble RXTX that I'm just trying to figure out how to make work. I also built though it's not really a kit a Kx3 that is my main HF rig.
I thought I was really interested in the computer radio connection but wow when I see what you have done with the BITX and the manhattan build I'm thinking I want to build a rig that maybe I can run some JT65 or PSK31 on. I know what you mean about the Phone and SSB but right now stuck in the city of Chicago my antenna space is limited and i'm surrounded by power poles so I have a lot of noise no matter what I do.
One thing I need to talk to your buddy Pete as in the left over spare time I have, between work family and radio I'm trying to complete the BSC that I never did during my misspent youth. But I'm stuck at the final project. I need something that needs some code and could be written up as a research paper I keep thinking there has to be a radio project here somewhere.
Anyhow that's enough I'm sure you get lots of people with their stories but I thought a little of what I encountered might be interesting. I really appreciate the podcast love all the personal stories combined with the tech talk. Keep up the good work. I'm looking forward to getting current.
Donald L. Gover KC9ZMY
P.S. I have woken up twice as of late thinking I heard a Gong followed by "Oooo That's Awesome" Maybe I'm listening a little to much :)
P.P.S Again catching up on the podcasts though my podcast listening time is a little reduced as I bought your darn book that's very interesting! But I wanted to make sure that I did inform the Knackers Union, whom I believe that Steve Snort Solder Smith is the enforcement officer that I had already constructed my 40m low pass from 4 state QRP. I have provided photographic evidence of it's construction and promise not to QRP on 40M without it.
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