Book Review: "Big Ear Two -- Listening for Other-Worlds" by John Kraus (1995)

This book is kind of weird, but give it a chance.  The author seems too prone to describe the physical attributes of his colleagues, especially female colleagues.  But he was born in 1910 -- he was an old guy when he wrote this book, so perhaps we should cut him some slack.   And there is one memorable episode where he defends a female applicant.  In spite of the shortcomings, there are many real gems in there, often hidden among the descriptions of 1930's era Kleenex machines and refrigerators.  I picked up the book a long time ago and only read it recently.   

Some highlights: 

-- Crystal Radios in the 1920s. 

--  Working Australia from Michigan on 40 CW in 1927. And waking up his parents to tell them. (Decades later, I did the same thing after a ZL contact).

 

-- Doing a radio propagation survey using the 5 meter band (FMLA!) 

-- Jansky's  discovery of an extraterrestrial hiss in 1932.  (It seems like that was the big discovery,  So why did Penzias get the Nobel prize?) 

-- A youthful trip to Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. 

-- A regular ham band schedule from Ann Arbor to Berkeley that featured Ernest Lawrence and Robert Oppenheimer.

 

-- Lots of mention of Fred Terman,  Grote Reber, and Karl Jansky,

 

-- Some discussion of how Jansky was turned down for a job.  And about how being a radio amateur actually hurt chances for employment; there are a few lines about anti-ham prejudice. 

-- Lots of people known to us show up in the book:  Joe Taylor, Shoemaker and Levy of Shoemaker-Levy 9 fame, Arthur C. Clarke, Maarten Schmidt of "First Light," and many others.   

-- And of course, the WOW signal (that has recently been explained as probably having a natural origin).  

-- Kraus tells of how the Latin words "Ad Astra per Aspera" (to the stars, with difficulty) were engraved above their radio telescope receiving room.  He goes on to (correctly) criticize those who write about radio telescopes, without having ever built one.  Remarkinig on one such critic, John Bolton, a revered Austialian radio astronomer and radio telescope builder, wrote, "If the writer had built a radio telescope his story of radio astronomy would be a different story." 

Here is a good review of Kraus's "Big Ear Two" book: 

https://reeve.com/Documents/Book%20Reviews/Reeve_Book%20Review-Big%20Ear%20Two.pdf

A Visit to the U.S. National Radio Astronomy Observatory (and the surrounding Quiet Zone)

Because my kids went to college in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, I sometimes found myself asking Google Maps how long it would take to get to the radio astronomy observatory at Green Bank, West Virginia.  It looked close on the map, but as these two guys found out, it really was quite far away.  So we never made the trip.  I am glad that these guys did. See the video above. 

Look, I am a former member of the SARA, the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers.  I am a huge fan of the Parkes Radio Telescope in Australia, the focal point (!) of the movie "The Dish."   I also have on my shelf the book, "Big Ear Two -- Listening for Other Worlds" by John Kraus W8JK:  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Kraus.  I am really interested in this stuff.  

This video was a really nice look at the observatory and at the surrounding area.  I may have to try again to get out there: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory

 

Faraday Cages and the Square Kilometer Array

 https://www.theregister.com/2025/10/02/ska_datacenter_construction_progress_report/

The World's Largest Radio Telescope -- It is in the Netherlands

This video is in Dutch, but you can easily turn on the English subtitles.   I put this on the blog for a couple of reasons:  Radio astronomy is very interesting; I am a former member of SARA, the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers. SolderSmoke celebrates the INTERNATIONAL Brotherhood of Electronic Wizards; this blog serves the WORLDWIDE community of radio electronic homebrewers. 

Thanks to Rogier PA1ZZ for sending this.  

The Red-Shifted Neutral Hydrogen Signal from the Cosmic Dark Ages is in the Range of our Direct Conversion Receiver

On the flight to the Dominican Republic I was listening to Fraser Cain's interview with Dr. Christiaan Brinkerink.   I was kind of blown away when they started talking about where the neutral Hydrogen signal would be NOW, after the all of the cosmological red shift.  Asked this question, Christiaan kind of casually responds that it would be "just above 7 MHz."  He talks about this at 41 minutes and 41 seconds in the video above.  He points out that this represents a redshift of about 200.   Wow, that is just where our SolderSmoke Direct Conversion receivers tune, and where their PTO/VFOs operate.  And we thought Radio Marti was a factor to consider!   No wonder Christiaan and his colleagues want to go to the far-side of the moon.  They want to get above the ionosphere, but they also want to get the shielding provided by the moon to protect them, I suppose, from signals like those being produced by the 40 meter ham band, and, (to a lesser extent) by devices like our little oscillator. 

You can watch Fraser's interview with Christiaan above.  It is really interesting and inspirational.  Christiaan talks about dipole arrays, RFI, interferometers, sensitivity, signals of "several kHz" in width, dynamic range, and other topics known to us.  Christiaan is an "Instrument Systems Engineer" at Radboud University.  I think he deserves a ham radio license.  Maybe he should build a SolderSmoke Direct Conversion receiver.  Fraser should build one too.  

Here are a couple of links to articles about this: 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/observing-the-dark-ages-of-the-universe-from-the-far-side-of-the-moon

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10961189/

Thank you Fraser and Christiaan. 

Radio Astronomy RFI from Starlink

https://futurism.com/spacex-starlink-satellites-radio-signal-emissions

Phil W1PJE, Director of MIT's Haystack Observatory, visits SolderSmoke East, Talks Radio with N2CQR and KK4DAS

We were very pleased that Phil W1PJE was able to visit yesterday. Phil is the Director of MIT's Haystack Observatory. He is very knowledgeable on topics related to space and space technology. He is also a member of the SolderSmoke Direct Conversion Receiver Hall of Fame. We talked about the history of the Haystack Observatory, famous antennas (dishes), and about the SolderSmoke Direct Conversion receiver project. It was a lot of fun talking to Phil. We managed to shoot this video with him. Thanks Phil and thanks Dean.

MIT's Haystack Observatory and Dr. Herb Weiss

We are really privileged to have among us (and in the SolderSmoke Direct Conversion Hall of Fame) Phil Erickson W1PJE.   Phil is the Director of the MIT Haystack Observatory. 

Phil writes: 

Hi Bill, Dean, and Pete,

  I surfed over today to Soldersmoke and noticed you had put up a very nice film from the 1960s made by MIT "Science Reporter" on the DSKY design for the Apollo Guidance Computer.

  In the same vein, you might enjoy viewing something from the same era on the Haystack 37m telescope / radar in its early mid 1960s days:

https://youtu.be/Xjvr5qCKYWc?feature=shared

 

  The video features Dr. Herb Weiss who is still with us at nearly 106 years old (he visited a couple years ago).  

https://www.haystack.mit.edu/news/founder-herb-weiss-celebrates-haystack-history/

  Herb built the observatory for its original ballistic missile radar / satellite imaging mission and was involved in early MIT microwave radar development.  

"Growing up in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Herb liked gadgetry. As a teenager, he became a ham radio operator and built a primitive television set at the same time NBC was trying to get its first signal on the air. His shop teacher was so impressed by Herb’s genius that he contacted MIT, which invited Herb to attend the college.

He spent the bulk of his career developing radar when there was none in the United States. He joined the Radiation Lab at MIT, which was just being established to support the war effort during World War II, designing radars for ships and aircraft. In 1942, when England was in the throes of its air war with the Nazis, Herb went to England and installed radar in planes with a novel navigation system that he and a team had designed for the Royal Air Force. He later spent three years at the Los Alamos, New Mexico, laboratory improving instruments for the A-bomb. After seeing the need for a continental defense network against the Soviet missile threat, he returned to MIT to build it. If not for Herb, there also likely would be no MIT Haystack Observatory, a pioneering radio science and research facility."

  As you can see from above, Herb is also a ham:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=913698

"Weiss:

Okay. I was born in New Jersey, and my first acquaintance with electronics was about the age of 12 or 13. We had a battery-operated radio, which didn't work, and I asked around about what do we do about it. They referred me to a man two blocks away, who was a radio ham it turned out. So I carried this monster with the big horn and, I guess, the dog sitting on the speaker to his house. We went down in the basement, and I was just fascinated. I was hooked right then and there. A year later I became a radio ham at the age of 13, 14 and literally have been in the field ever since, until I retired. I was fortunate enough to go to MIT as an undergraduate, and most of the people I ran into of that vintage didn't really have a hands-on feeling for electronics. By the time I got to MIT, I had built all kinds of things, including a TV set. Then it turned out that NBC was just trying to get their TV set on the air in New York on top of the Empire State Building."

https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Herbert_Weiss

  Herb and his wife Ruth had another career after MIT as a wind power pioneer and he is still an avid sailor:

https://maineboats.com/print/issue-178/still-boating-after-all-these-years

  One of our inspirations, and it came from building ham radio sets as a youngster.  Enjoy the history.

73

Phil W1PJE

--

----
Phil Erickson

phil.erickson@gmail.com 

-------------------------------------------------

I would really like to get more info on Herb's homebrew TV receiver.  His was significantly earlier than the one described by Jean Shepherd. 

Thanks Phil!  And thanks Herb! 

Deep Space Station 43 -- Canberra, Australia

 

https://spectrum.ieee.org/apollo-era-antenna-voyager-2

From the IEEE article: 

The dish’s manufacturer took great pains to ensure that its surface had no bumps or rough spots. The smoother the dish surface, the better it is at focusing incident waves onto the signal detector so there’s a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

DSS-43 boasts a pointing accuracy of 0.005 degrees (18 arc seconds)—which is important for ensuring that it is pointed directly at the receiver on a distant spacecraft. Voyager 2 broadcasts using a 23-watt radio. But by the time the signals traverse the multibillion-kilometer distance from the heliopause to Earth, their power has faded to a level 20 billion times weaker than what is needed to run a digital watch. Capturing every bit of the incident signals is crucial to gathering useful information from the transmissions.

The antenna has a transmitter capable of 400 kilowatts, with a beam width of 0.0038 degrees. Without the 1987 upgrade, signals sent from DSS-43 to a spacecraft venturing outside the solar system likely never would reach their target.

https://spectrum.ieee.org/apollo-era-antenna-voyager-2

RIP Arno Penzias -- Co-discoverer of the Big Bang Cosmic Background Radiaton

 

Penzias on the right

Here it the Penzias Obituary:

https://www.npr.org/2024/01/24/1226572843/arno-penzias-obituary-big-bang-theory

I think this is one of the best troubleshooting events in radio history:  they thought at one point that what they were hearing was the result of pigeon poop in the antenna.  Turns out they were hearing radiation from the birth of the universe. 

And here is a wonderful 2014 6 minute podcast with Penzias and his co-discoverer Robert Wilson:

 

https://www.npr.org/2014/05/20/314239930/big-bangs-afterglow-two-scientists-recall-their-big-discovery

The Art of Electronics #5 Paul Horowitz on SETI (and lots of other radio stuff)

In 2016 Paul Horowitz  talked about SETI at Google. Fascinating stuff.  Paul did an especially good job of weaving in a lot of radio/electronic and computer info.  

-- I was pleased to learn that one of the early radio astronomy antennas used plywood covered with copper.  I hope it was copper tape! 

-- I didn't know that the Fast Fourier Transform was something developed in the 1960s. 

-- Parkes Telescope!  Yea! 

-- Paul's "chirping" of receivers to screen out targets that are NOT doppler shifting (i.e. terrestrial signals). 

-- Paul tells the group that "amateur" does not mean unprofessional -- it means that the person is doing it for the love of doing it.  Amen. 

-- SETI at Home. 

-- Tube op-amps!  (was that two 12AX7s?)  

--  A variometer!  Wow!  I have two here -- one in the ET-2 regen receiver  (a gift from Pericles HI8P), and another that I homebrewed using a 35mm film can.  

Great stuff from Paul. 

Save the Antenna!

SolderSmoke fans have an interest in saving this antenna because it is the site of one of the most amazing RF troubleshooting stories of all time:  Wilson and Penzias were trying to track down some noise.  At one point they thought it might be the result of bird droppings.  Uh, no, it was really the result of the Big Bang!  Please sign the petition: 

https://tworivertimes.com/holmdels-historic-big-bang-antenna-at-risk-residents-say/

 

https://actionnetwork.org/petitions/save-big-bang-antenna

Ruby Payne-Scott and Early Australian Radio Astronomy

Click on the cartoon for a better view

Read the full article here: 

https://womenyoushouldknow.net/ruby-payne-scott-first-woman-radio-astronomer/

Looking at the Galaxy's Spiral Arms with a Dongle, a Raspberry Pi,and a Homebrew Antenna

I told Farhan that the world NEEDS a homebrew Raspberry Pi observatory at Lamakaan in Hyderabad. They are on it.  

This looks very do-able.  And fun.  And UHF.  And SDR. And Raspberry Pi. 

I'd like to build one too.  I was encouraged by the video demo -- it was done in Alexandria, Virginia, very close to where I live. 

A while back I was lamenting to Dean that I reluctantly threw away a DISH or DIRECT TV  satellite TV antenna.  I worried that I had discarded something that would have been useful for radio astronomy.  Turns out I didn't need it.   This video and the associated .pdf shows how to look at the galaxy with a simple homebrew (Home Depot!) horn.  

https://www.gb.nrao.edu/~glangsto/aas2020/Langston2020AasTelescopeWebinar.mp4

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ssS_zBQWDEXMENc2_aqqPGxGkEEU5Ea3/view

Thanks to Thomas K4SWL of the SWLing Post for alerting us to this. 

SETI, Proxima Centauri, The Parkes Dish, and Intermodulation Distortion?

 

https://www.sciencealert.com/exciting-mystery-space-technosignals-were-indeed-produced-by-sentient-life-us

A cosmically interesting troubleshoot.  But I'm not sure about their explanation.  Why would the intermod disappear when they moved the Parkes Radio Telescope off of Proxima Centauri?  

Opening up an Apollo Command Module Microwave Radio System

So much radio goodness in this video.  The enthusiasm of the narrator is unmistakable, and entirely justified. 

A number of things struck me: 

-- Nice shout out to our beloved Parkes Radio Telescope, of  "The Dish" fame. 

-- I like how the French narrator takes some friendly jabs at out use of "archaic British measuring units," and his skillful use of American slang" "Let's open up these bad boys!" 

-- Wow, they filled the radio cases with Nitrogen!  That will definitely save you  money on De-Oxit! 

-- When they opened up the boxes, the construction looked very similar to what I found inside my HP-8640B frequency generator.   

-- Collins built some of this stuff.  

-- 11.6 watts to transmit the TV signal from the moon. 

-- PLL.  

-- A tube type amplifier.  

--- Lots of SMA connectors, but many BNCs also, right? 

-- Finally, and this is really amazing:  THEY HAD A MORSE KEY WITH THEM, JUST IN CASE. 

Thanks a lot to Bob, KD4EBM for sending this to us.  There will be more episodes.  These guys intend to fire up the equipment. 

A Satellite Ground Station (Receiver) Made from Junk

Very cool.  This guy (who brew up on an island in Alaska) really knows how to use aluminum tape and the junk that fills most workshops. I like his use of the security camera mount as an az-el antenna rotator. 

I foolishly discarded a Direct TV dish.  I could have been receiving GOES images by now! 

Just last week I got the same RTL-SDR.com V3 dongle that he is using.  Very FB.   It does HF direct sampling with no hardware mods and no upconverter. 

More from the builder, Gabe Emerson (KL1FI): 

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNLRcEn78Vc62C3GkMvBgtA

http://www.saveitforparts.com/

"The Dish" Turns 60

 

Thanks to Peter VK2EMU for alerting us to this important birthday.  

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-26/parkes-dish-will-assist-first-commercial-flights-to-the-moon/100027874

The Parkes Radio Telescope Picks Up a Possible "Wow" Signal from Proxima Centauri (maybe)

An article about SETI and our favorite dish.  From Scientific American:  

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-hunters-discover-mysterious-signal-from-proxima-centauri/

The Terrible Collapse of the Arecibo Dish: Climate Change, Hurricane Maria, and Funding Cuts. Also: China's New Dish

From https://www.thewrap.com/watch-crazy-footage-of-the-arecibo-observatory-collapse-goldeneye-video/  :

"Alas, over the 2010s it was battered by a series of severe, climate change-linked tropical storms and hurricanes, culminating in terrible damage inflicted by Hurricane Maria in 2017. Unfortunately the 2016 election led to a government unwilling to fund repairs. Though new sources of funding were cobbled together late in 2018, in late Nov. 2020 it was determined there was no way to safely repair the telescope and the National Science Foundation announced it would be decommissioned.

The decommissioning was supposed to proceed after NSF determined the safest possible method, but physics had other plans. So it is that on Dec. 4, the whole thing up and collapsed with almost no warning."

More info (from NSF): 

https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/arecibo/index.jsp

Here is a good 2017 article that discusses the electronic and mechanical arrangements at Arecibo, and the budget cuts it was facing.  The article seems to almost predict the collapse: 

https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/arecibo-funding-cuts-threaten-future-of-giant-radio-telescope

Here is a comment from someone who worked there and heard the collapse: 

Jonathan Friedman, who worked for 26 years as a senior research associate at the observatory and still lives near it, told the Associated Press news agency of the moment the telescope collapsed on Tuesday.

"It sounded like a rumble. I knew exactly what it was," he said. "I was screaming. Personally, I was out of control... I don't have words to express it. It's a very deep, terrible feeling."  https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55147973?fbclid=IwAR3RuwzTfJmqInrOOFB-nctknDzyB_VSr_qdNrjg9LbbxUnAbynKBv9stPQ

Here is an interesting WIKIpedia article on China's FAST dish, with comparisons to Arecibo: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope#:~:text=The%20Five%2Dhundred%2Dmeter%20Aperture,County%2C%20Guizhou%2C%20southwest%20China.

Comparison of the Arecibo Telescope (top) and FAST (bottom) dishes at the same scale

Adios Arecibo