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Wednesday, February 12, 2014

A Very Simple SSB Transmitter

 
 
I found this in the files section of the BITX20 Yahoo Group.  There is no information on the source.  I see two balanced modulators and two very simple phase shift networks. 


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Tuesday, February 11, 2014

Mars Star Party from La Palma (video)



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Monday, February 10, 2014

BITX 2040 Build Update #9: On-the-air Observations


The BITX 2040 has moved from the bench to the operating position and is producing a steady stream of contacts on 20 and 40 meters.  In the picture above it is the rig with the copper-clad front panel (the BITX 17 is below it).  It has already crossed the pond on both bands.

Some observations:

I get significantly more power out on 40 than on 20:  about 7.2 watts PEP on 40 and about 4.4 watts PEP on 20.  I saw a QST article that showed similar frequency/power out variations from IRF510 amps.   But I notice I get more power out from my 17 meter rig.  On that rig I am using trifilar (9:1 Z) transformer instead of the standard BITX bifilars. 

My 40 meter receiver is LOUD.   Too much AF out.  I am not used to having this problem!  On this rig I am using the same discrete component 2n3904 2n3906 transformer-less circuit that I used in the BITX 17.  But AF out on 40 was so loud that I had to go back and add 20 k ohms to the top of the volume control pot.   I didn't have this problem with the 17 meter rig, and I didn't have it on 20 with this rig.  Any ideas why this rig would be so loud on 40?

I still want to go in and fine tune the crystal filters in both rigs.  I am studying the various software packages out there (especially Wes's LADPAC).  I hope to get rid of the ripple.   

In most of my contacts with these rigs, I end up describing the circuit and its Indian origins.  Most people are really fascinated.  Yesterday W1IDL in Michigan suggested that I contact my Indian friends and get some assistance in making some Hindi or Urdu labels for the rig and the controls.   I think that is a very cool idea. 

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Wednesday, February 5, 2014

Coils, Magnets, and Special Relativity (video)



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Tuesday, February 4, 2014

Inductive Reactance and Special Relativity


Bill,


I'd been meaning to share these stories with you after I read your book a couple years ago but I never got to it.  I thought you might enjoy them, from an "engineering perspective", I guess.

One of the courses I had to take for my undergrad was an engineering physics type class.  I loved it.  I think a lot of hams seem to have more curiosity about the physics of electronics than regular non-ham engineers, at least that's how it's always seemed to me.  Anyway, I'm sending you a snapshot of the relativistic length contraction figure in the book "Concepts of Modern Physics", 4th Ed by Arthur Beiser.  I thought you'd enjoy it as it is almost identical to what you mentioned in Soldersmoke (from your "Atoms to Amperes" book I think).

Hopefully there's enough resolution there to make it out.  Basically, when you flow current in the same direction in both wires, they attract.  That's because the electrons see effectively many more positively charged nuclei from the other wire than they do other electrons due to the nuclei distances being compressed by the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction (later refined by Einstein). 

When I first saw this, in my early 20s, I was completely floored!  Nowhere had I ever learned anything like this from the ham license manuals or even my basic physics course.  The implications were also very profound -- magnetism was nothing more than electrostatic attraction, the attraction between charges.  The "electromagnetic" force was really just an electric force.  Relative motion between charges gives the illusion of "magnetism". 

Much later, I listened to some of the old Feynmann lectures.  In them at one point he adamantly proclaimed that there's only the electric force between charges, and there is no magnetic force!  I still find this confusing.  Recently I brought this up to a university RF engineering professor.  I wondered why we dealt with Maxwell's equations when in reality the magnetic field is an illusion.  The "real" formulas come from Feynmann's theory of quantum electrodynamics!  His reply was something along the lines of Maxwell's equations being a solution of quantum theory that worked well for our purposes.  To be honest, I didn't really understand his reply and I'm still skeptical!  I think his point was that the QED calculations are overly complicated and unnecessary for most problems we deal with, things like patterns from an antenna.  I don't think Maxwell's equations appropriately describe things like lasers though, which are more quantum in nature with the coherent beam.

FYI, most engineering students I ran across had only passing curiosity for these things.  Only in graduate school did I start to find people curious enough to really try to understand "what lies beneath" some of this stuff, mainly this physics.  Honestly not even everyone in grad school was all that captivated.  As you've said before, there's a lot of "turn the crank" mentality in engineering where you wade through mathematics to get answers, not always thinking about the physics.  It's even worse in the digital world, where everything gets boiled down to computer code! 

One more quick thing.  I talked to a physics prof once, asking him if there was any research happening in his department
focused on electromagnetics and radio waves, etc.  His reply: "radio waves are nothing more than the result of accelerating electrons".  Period!  Discussion over.  In other words, that's ancient history.  Engineers are still very much involved with new technologies involving antennas and amplifiers, etc.  But as far as the physicists are concerned, I get the impression that our whole field is pretty ho-hum.  But he was right about accelerating electrons, I also found out later.  And it doesn't have to be electrons.  Anything carrying charge undergoing acceleration will emit photons.  That's another crazy situation that I only more recently learned.

Hope that was entertaining!




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Sunday, February 2, 2014

BITX 2040 Build Update #8: All Boxed Up and Ready to Go!




Its kind of scary:  my BITX 20/40 is starting to look vaguely appliance-like!   Once again I find myself missing having the rig exposed -- sans-cabinet -- on the bench.  For me, the contacts made under those conditions, with solder smoke still in the air, are the most satisfying and memorable.  

But anyway, it is in the box now.  I think it looks pretty good.  I enjoyed working with the copper foil.  I did some trial and error testing and found that ordinary Krazy Glue is the best adhesive for joining the plastic material on the back of the foil to the wood of the box.  I like the look of the foil -- it reminds me of the copper (or gold?)  foil covering that they put on some spacecraft. 

There is always the danger that a rig that works well on the bench will go into rebellious oscillation when confined to a metallic box.   That didn't happen with mine. 

We discovered that the wood in the box is not actually walnut.  But I'm not complaining because whatever it is, it is very easy to work with.  BITX or Minima builders should consider these boxes (available via Amazon). 



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Friday, January 31, 2014

G0MGX's Minima



Wow, Mark didn't waste any time in building his Minima. FB OM.   His web site has a lot of good info on this project:  http://g0mgx.blogspot.co.uk/


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Thursday, January 30, 2014

BITX 20/40 Update #7: Cabinetry and Socketry


With the 20 Meter Oscillation Exorcism behind me, I have decided to take a break from electronics and do bit of woodwork.   I took the walnut (I think) box that I bought via Amazon and cut out a big piece of the wood on the front.  That's where the rectangular piece of copper clad board will go -- it will be the front panel, supporting the AF gain control, the bandswitch, the main tuning control, and the mic jack.   A similar copper clad board will be on the back, this one supporting the antenna jack,  speaker jack and 12V input jack (with space for a linear amplifier T/R control jack).  (George Dobbs, G3RJV, calls this the "socketry.")

That beautiful copper sheeting will line the inside of the box.

I found the soft wood on this box to be very easy to work with.  The little saw pictured above made the woodwork easy.

I have boiled linseed oil and clear polyurethane for the finish. 

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Monday, January 27, 2014

BITX20/40 Update #6: 20 Meter Exorcism


The transmitter was working fine on 40, but was horribly unstable on 20. In the past, this kind of thing would really drive me nuts, but experience has made me more patient. I know that "taming the beast" is part of the homebrew process. 

I knew that layout was part of the problem:  I had significantly less room on the board with this rig than I'd had with the BITX17:  the additional bandpass filter and low pass filter, and the associated relays, used up a lot of copper clad real estate. So by the time I built the PA chain, the inputs were too close to the outputs.

The fact that the rig was stable on 40 but not on 20 led me to believe that this was not a problem of insufficient decoupling.  Instead, I thought that I was getting additional inductive feedback at the higher frequency.

I noticed that the instability disappeared when I put the 1X scope probe on the input to the first amp in the RF chain (Q14). That was an important clue.  Looking closely at the circuit, I realized that the base of Q14 had a long lead (several inches) up to the low pass filter.  I had experienced problems with this lead on the BITX 17 project and had cured it with a relay at the low pass filter -- this relay took one end of the lead out of the circuit on transmit, preventing it from becoming a little radiator.  I used that mod in this rig, and figured that that cured the trouble.  Wrong.   The other end of that lead was still connected to the input to the RF power chain.  It was picking up enough RF to send the PA chain into oscillation.

I put a SECOND relay at the other end of the line.  That took it completely out of the circuit.  And the instability disappeared.  I fired up the rig and worked California on 20.  Very satisfying.   

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Thursday, January 23, 2014

BITX 20/40 Build Update #5: It is ALIVE!

I got the BITX 20/40 on the air this morning.  The receiver has been working for a week or so, but as usual it was a bit of a struggle to tame the transmitter.  I got up early this morning and started poking and probing.  I played with the driver and final coils a bit.  I had used the same trifilar toroids that I'd used in the BITX 17, but this rig didn't seem to like them. So I went with FT-50-37 bifilars -- that seemed to work better.  That IRF-510 seems to put out about seven watts on 40.  (I still need to tame the transmitter on 20).  The 40 meter signal looked great on the 'scopes (RIGOL and Tek!).  Shortly before 8 am I worked AD4SY who reported that I was filling his shack with booming audio.  Life is good.  

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Wednesday, January 22, 2014

Digi 'scope, Analog 'scope


Carl (M0ICR ex 2E0TEC) saved the day with my Tek 465 -- he sent the replacement HV multiplier that put the 'scope back in action.  (Ace Tek repairman Tad WA1FQO made the repair.  Tad sells Tek scopes on E-bay -- check out his products: Search for fqo63 on ebay.)

Carl notes a number of similarities between our workbenches and recent projects.  All he needs now is a Drake 2-B!

Alan Wolke said he'd be interested in my reactions to having both a digi scope and an analog scope on the bench.  I can already see areas where one might be a bit better than the other.  The Tek is better at watching a fast moving audio or SSB waveform.  But the Rigol doea all kinds of math tricks.  Check out the FFT function shown on Carl's page:  http://iqrp.net/


Bill,
I am very pleased that you finally got it working with the help of brothers from the fraternity.  Having listened to your latest Podcast I think that must be your alter ego!  I have A Tek 465, Rigol 100MHz DS1102E and have built 2 Bitx, one for 20m and the other for right bands- using a DDS VFO  (3 if you include the 80m version by Steve Drury G6ALU - look up MKARS80) ...I also have 2 copies of SSD!
My website is here:  www.iqrp.net  where you can see both scopes in my shack and images of my Bitx and my Hans Summers WSPR beacon!
I have just returned from my local radio club social meeting (the Radio Society of Harrow) and took great pleasure in listening to Soldersmoke 158 whilst driving there ... half on the way there and the other half on the way back.
Very best wishes from London (where it is cold, wet and miserable !)
72/73 de Carl M0ICR (ex 2E0TEC from Nov 13)
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Monday, January 20, 2014

SolderSmoke Podcast #158: BITX 20/40, Farhan's "Minima", BITX Bandsweep


SolderSmoke Podcast #158 is available:

http://soldersmoke.com/soldersmoke158.mp3

January 20, 2014
MLK Day. Tough winter.  Shack heated by Heathkit.
BITX 20/40 Almost done:
Bandswitching arrangement.
VFO construction using spreadsheets.
2N2222s wired in backwards! (CBE not EBC! Who knew?)
Other amusing building errors.
Crystal filter evaluation -- the G3UUR method.
Sweeping a filter with an Arduino DDS.
Building a BITX in LTSpice.
New Rigol 'scope (now 100 MHz).
Tek 465 REBORN!
QRP HATERS -- They are out there!
MAILBAG.
BITX 20/40 dual band bandsweep

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Thursday, January 16, 2014

Farhan's New Design: A General Coverage Transceiver: The Minima!


The homebrew phone QRP community has been waiting anxiously for the unveiling of Farhan's new design:  The Minima.  It is a general coverage transceiver with many innovative circuit features.  It has an Arduino in it and an Si570. Farhan's write up of the design process and the construction of the prototypes is really interesting.

http://www.phonestack.com/farhan/minima.html

I've built FOUR JBOTs and TWO BITXs.  I even built Farhan's Subway Sandwich Straw signal generator.   So even though I've been trying to keep my rigs all discrete,  I know I will build this one too. 

Three cheers for Ashhar Farhan!  Viva La Minima!

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Sunday, January 12, 2014

Words to Live By...





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Saturday, January 11, 2014

Bert's Blog and BITX


Our friend Bert is once again melting solder.  And he has launched a blog.  (SolderSmoke listeners will remember Bert as the advisor to the University of Virginia radio club.   That was the club that had its HQ in some sort of nuclear reactor building.  They put up a huge wire antenna, but then took it down when they realized bike riders could possibly, uh, run into it.)    Bert has some interesting stuff on his blog, including an article on conductive paint and one on the use of mail boxes as antenna tuner enclosures.  And he reports that he has dusted off a BITX 20 kit.  Welcome back Bert! 

Check out his blog:
http://wf7ihomebrew.wordpress.com/ 

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Wednesday, January 8, 2014

First Light


Preston:  Your use of the term "First Light" is especially appropriate.  I got the concept from a wonderful book of that title by the author Richard PRESTON.  I pulled it off the shelf this morning, and, as my coffee was brewing, read this on the dust cover:

"First Light won the American Institute of Physics award in science writing. An asteroid has been named "Preston" in honor of First Light. It is likely someday to collide with Mars or the earth."

The book's glossary defines first light as: "A technical term from astronomy signifying the moment when starlight is allowed to fall on a new mirror for the first time."  The first light experience must, I think, be similar to the feelings we get when we first allow RF to fall on the front end of a new homebrew receiver.

Congrats on the S-107 OM.

73  Bill N2CQR
------------------------------------------

From Preston Douglas WJ2V:

I am happy to report that my little novice rig (well it's not so little if you weigh it) consisting of my restored circa 1960 Hallicrafters S-107 and circa 1959 KnightKit T-50 (with V-44) made our first QSO with a guy 20 miles away on Staten Island.  This was Saturday afternoon, in full daylight, on 40 meters.  He was also running vintage equipment (Heath) but running an SB-200 Heath linear.  I have no idea why he needed a linear on 40 meter CW, but he seemed happy with it.  I could easily hear his signal via leakage through my Daiwa cavity switch, so it was a pretty powerful signal.  The T-50 puts out maybe 20-25 watts full bore, but it certainly works fine, and got a 569 signal report.  The 9 part was obviously the important one.
 
I had just turned on the equipment, so the S-107 needed to be adjusted a bit during the QSO to allow for a bit of warm up drift.  It stabilizes ten or fifteen minutes after warmup.  I had to use a straight key as I have not yet built the little kit that interfaces solid state keyers with old rigs.  I'll get to it on a slow afternoon this winter perhaps.  But for now, a straight key is about the right speed for this setup.  T/R requires switching the antenna, the VFO to transmit, and the receiver to standby for transmitting.  Not exactly QSK. Since there are so many switches, it may not pay to add an antenna relay switch to this setup.  Besides, switching is part of the fun.  

I did not get set up in time for New Years, so missed the chance to operate SKN.

I learned about first light from Bill Meara's podcasts.  It refers to the first time a telescope is used, but, as he says, it applies just as well to a new (old) rig.

All of this was caused by a local ham offering a Hallicrafters S-107 for ten bucks. Even with the few bucks needed to put it right, I sure got my money's worth.  

Regards guys and Happy New Year,

Preston WJ2V
----------------------------------------
 
Earlier from Preston:
 
I am pleased to report my S-107 is restored to full function.  Based on the build up of filth on it before cleaning, it is also cleaner than it has been for many years.  The greasy dirt (I shudder to think what it was made of) in between the flutes of the control knobs has succumbed to a toothbrush and detergent.  Who'd have thought what a difference clean controls would make in the overall appeal of a radio?

The S-107 was purchased without negotiation from a local and fellow member of the Long Island Mobile Radio Club for ten bucks.  I cheerfully handed over a ten spot and drove home with this rig.  

On the bench, the tubes lit, and I could hear a couple of AM stations, but it made an awful racket with 60/120 cycle hum.  New electrolytic caps cured that.  The chassis felt "hot" to the touch.  Resistance checks on the HV-to-AC sides of the transformer confirmed that, thankfully, there were no shorts.  On advice of some pros on this list and elsewhere, I removed a cap and resistor from the AC line to the chassis that Hallicrafters thought was a good idea.  With a new three wire grounded plug, the chassis was now cold.  

Alignment was done with an old Conar signal generator (my $1 victory from an old hamfest) and trusty Tek 465 with frequency counter connected to its rear connector.  The double IF transformers peaked up, and so did the front end compression caps on all bands.  And now, the radio really receives CW and SSB!  With a simple dipole (my beam seems to have gotten sick from Irene and Sandy) I get good signals on 80, 40, and 20.  Maybe next weekend I will have time to try the upper bands during daylight hours.  But, the signal generator suggests they should be fine.

The ten buck receiver needed ten bucks worth of electrolytics.  And I needed to buy a little 20 buck kit of Bristol Splined wrenches.  (Nobody I thought to ask had a set to lend.)  They were needed because: Another Hallicrafters bit of wonderment is that the setscrews in the control knobs need to be turned with these unusual wrenches that look like, but aren't, hex keys.  Well, I suppose I can say I have the wrenches if I decide to restore another Hallicrafters.  I hear Collins has them too.

I think I mentioned that I had to restring both the band spread and main tuning with real dial cord.  Another three bucks, perhaps.  So, my ten buck receiver is still a bargain at around 40 bucks in all.  And, I had a lot more than 40 bucks worth of fun.  I spent part of the afternoon just listening to the receiver, it sounded so good.  You know how it is when you first listen to a new receiver.

Now, next thing will be to see how it does making contacts with a Knight T-50.  I know the T-50 is not quite QRP.  I probably puts out about 25 or 30 watts.  

This will be about as close to my novice station as I am willing to fall.  The original station had the T-50, but no VFO (which came with the T-50 I have now); but the receiver was an S-38E, which was, (collectors notwithstanding) a piece of crap.  And it's dangerous since it is really one of those transformerless AM radios in shortwave clothing.  No wonder I only made a handful of contacts with it as a novice.  I have no nostalgia for my old Hallicrafters S-38E.  I hear folks recommend operating it with an isolation transformer.  I have a better idea.  Don't plug it in.

I had so much fun with the S-107, though, I am starting to think about restoring an S-108 or an SX-110.

Preston Douglas WJ2V

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Sunday, January 5, 2014

BITX 20/40 BUILD UPDATE #4: 11MHz SSB Ladder Filter


As reported yesterday I have the 20 meter receiver portion of my BITX 20/40 rig up and running.  I decided to take a closer look at the crystal filter I built.  

Here is my method:  

1) Using an Arduino/DDS sig generator, I put 11 Mhz energy into the base of Q2 (the stage immediately prior to the crystal filter).   

2) Using my Rigol 1052E oscilloscope, I measured RMS voltage at the output of Q3/Q3A (the stage immediately following the filter).   

3) I looked at Vrms as I MANUALLY varied the input frequency in 100 Hz increments.

4) I took the results and plugged them into a spreadsheet.  I then used the spreadsheet to calculate the db drop from the peak Vrms value (So I wasn't looking at insertion loss, just the filter shape).  
I used 20*LOG(Vrms/276)

5)  I ended up with the chart displayed above. 

I have a few questions: 
1) What do you folks think about my methodology for evaluating the filter? 
2)  Where would you guys put the BFO frequency? 
3)  I know the ripple looks ugly, but the receiver sounds great.  Should I attempt to get rid of the ripple? 

Here is the filter I used (as prescribed by the AADE software):  I estimated Q at 10000 and used LM and CM values derived by the G3UUR method, and made no effort to match impedances going into the filter:   



Here is what GPLA predicted.  I estimated Rin and Rout values.  That probably accounts for the difference between the GPLA prediction and what I measured. 
  




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Saturday, January 4, 2014

BITX 2040 Build Update #3 Receiver Sounds Great!


There it is,  my second BITX transceiver, this one for 20 and 40.   Once I got the VFO sorted out, this one went together very quickly.  Obviously experienced gained on the first project was a big help.

I followed Farhan's advice and characterized the 11 MHz crystals in the filter.  Then I used the AADE filter design software to build a 3 KHz filter.  Using my Arduino DDS signal generator and the new Rigol 'scope, I was able to do a manual sweep across the passband -- it looked very close to what was predicted by the software. 

This morning I built the bandpass filter for 20. As soon as that was done, I fired up the receiver.  This was an amazing experience for me: a homebrew receiver that worked right away!  That never happened before.   I'm listening to 20 meters now.  It sounds great.  I even managed to demodulate and display some SSTV.  The VFO seems very stable.

I still have to build the RF amplifier stages, the bandpass filter for 40 and low pass filters for 20 and 40 (I know Steve Smith is watching!).  Then it will be time for cabinetry.   I guess I should put some paint or varnish on that walnut box.   Any recommendations?   I'll line it (on the inside) with copper flashing material.     

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Wednesday, January 1, 2014

Happy New Year! Straight Key Night

 
For the first time in years I got on the air on New Year's eve.  I fired up the HT-37 and Drake 2-B on 20 meters last night right at 0001 UTC  (well, with these rigs I should say GMT!).  There was a moment of stress when, as I was trying to adjust the key, the whole thing fell apart and the little ball bearings spilled out.  Yikes!  It was as if the radio gods were trying to tell me something.  It took me a few minutes to re-assemble my straight key, then I called CQ.  The HT-37 puts out a lot more power than I normally emit,  and it caused the Carbon Monoxide detector to go off, sparking a minor panic among family members.  (See, this never happens with QRP!)  With that resolved I had nice QSOs with K5KFK in Texas, W6VNR in California, and N1WPU in Maine.  This morning I worked WA0ZDE in Missouri.  The old HT-37 was drifting a bit, but Rick said he kind of liked that.  (I put a muffin fan on top of the transmitter -- that should settle it down a bit).   By the way, my key is a bit unusual: it is just a cheapo key, but I have it mounted on the base from a Vibroplex bug.  I never mastered the Vibroplex, and ended up giving the bug parts to HI8G in Santo Domingo -- Gustavo planned on using them to fix another bug that had been given to him years before by Fred Laun (K3ZO). 
 
Rick, WA0ZDE ( who I talked to on 20 this morning) sent me a VERY SKN photo collage (see below).  I see that Rick also tends to hold onto his gear for a long time. 
 
HNY to all!   GL in 14.  73! 
 



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Friday, December 27, 2013

SolderSmoke Podcast #157: Peter Parker on Phasing Rigs


SolderSmoke Podcast #157 is available for download.
http://soldersmoke.com/soldersmoke157.mp3

December 27, 2013

-- Santa Report:  Rigol Scope at SolderSmoke HQ.  Kites at VK3YE.
-- Project updates:   Bill's BITX 40/20 build. 
-- Peter finishing up BITX40  (in a big box)
-- BITX 17 (5 watts SSB) works JA, ZD7, ZS!
-- The mystery, elegance, and gentleness of phasing SSB
-- Phasing explained in 1970 ARRL SSB book
-- Phasing SSB: From Hallicrafters HT-37 to SDR
-- The SP5AHT Phasing Rig
-- I & Q for you:  The Binaural Experience
-- Direct Conversion receivers and Software Defined Radios
-- Simple DC receivers plugging into sound cards 
-- The joy of receiver building
-- 144 MHz aircraft bounce (Melbourne to Sydney)
-- VHF Across The Great Australian Bight  

HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL!




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Wednesday, December 25, 2013

Santa Arrives at SolderSmoke HQ! Rigol and Black&Decker


Santa Claus obviously heard my distress call when the TEK 465 gave up the ghost.  This morning it was replaced by a RIGOL digital scope.   I'm going through the tutorials.  Wow, lots of features.  A Black&Decker jig saw also arrived -- this will help in my cabinetry efforts. 

Last night just before dinner I talked to Kiyo, JH1MDJ, in Tokyo on 17 meter SSB with the 5 watt BITX.   I kind of broke through a small pile-up and we then had one of those "please repeat your power level... I can't believe that is 5 watts to a dipole" conversations.  

Happy Holidays to all!

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Saturday, December 21, 2013

How they took the iconic Apollo 8 Earthrise Photo (Amazing Video)



I was ten years old and totally obsessed with the space program.  This video brought back a lot of the magic. Wow. You really have to see this one.


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Where to send all those LM386 chips: Make them BEAM robot brains!



Over in the BITX20 yahoo group there have been some comments about the shortcomings of the widely used LM386 audio amplifier chip.  Many people don't like it because it is noisy.  I don't like it because it is a chip. (In my BITX rigs I have replaced it with a simple discrete component audio amplifier.)  So this morning I was pleased to find this video on the Maker blog that presents a very good use for all those LM386 devices:  We can turn them into robot brains!

Make's video and web page on this project are both very good.   One paragraph in the page kind of captures the reasons I dislike the LM386:

How It Works

The core of the “Herbie” circuit is the LM386 power amplifier chip. To simplify a bit, we can think of the chip as a “black box” with inputs and outputs that respond in predictable ways, and don’t have to completely understand what’s going on inside. 

 http://makezine.com/projects/sunbeam-seeker-bot/

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Friday, December 20, 2013

Christmas Eve Fessenden Memorial Broadcast on 486 KHz

Imagine it is Christmas Eve, 1906 and you are on the air, listening to the harsh buzz of Ol' Spark Morse Code.  Suddenly, in the headphones you hear a human voice and music.

Brian Justin  has set up an experimental station that recaptures that magical "birth of radio telephony" moment.   He will be on the air this Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and New Year's day.   Here is what W4DEX heard during last year's event:

http://www.w4dex.com/500khz/wf9xih/wf9xih_24dec11.mp3


Experimenter to Honor Early Wireless Pioneers with Longwave Transmissions

              Fessenden
As he has over the past several years, Brian Justin, WA1ZMS/4 -- as experimental station WG2XFQ -- will transmit voice and music on 486 kHz on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day and again on New Year's Eve and New Year's Day. Transmissions will begin at 0001 UTC and end at 2359 UTC. Justin, who may be better known for his microwave exploits on ham radio, will use an AM audio loop modulating his vintage-style, homebrew transmitter to honor Reginald Fessenden's Christmas Eve 1906 AM voice transmission.
WA1ZMS constructed his MOPA transmitter from 1920s-vintage components. [Brian Justin, WA1ZMS, photo]
"While his original transmissions used a set of carbon microphones in the antenna lead to modulate the signal," Justin explained, "WG2XFQ will be utilizing true Heising modulation in honor of Raymond Heising, who developed this early form of amplitude modulation during World War I.Justin constructed his 5 W master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) transmitter using 1920s-vintage components. He said a modern 500 W FET linear amplifier allows him to meet his WG2XFQ ERP limit of 20 W. An RF engineer, Justin collects pre-1920 wireless gear and has a World War I Heising-modulated aircraft transmitter he's planning to restore. Justin was an active participant in the ARRL's WD2XSH 600 meter experimental project.

(From the ARRL Newsletter)

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Wednesday, December 18, 2013

BITX 2040 Build Update #2: Of Spreadsheets and VFOs

I continue to tweak the capacitors in my new BITX 20/40 VFO (scroll down to see it).  On Sunday I added a little relay that will switch in some additional capacitance to move the VFO about 500 kHz.  Without the additional cap, the VFO will be on frequencies suitable for 40 meters -- with the additional cap it will be on frequencies needed for tuning 20 meters. 

I calculated that I'd need an additional 220 pf to make this shift ( I later went with 100 pf).  In went the needed cap and relay.  It worked.  But there was a problem:  On 40 I had the desired 175 kHz frequency range.   But I found that with this arrangement on 20 I could only cover 95 kHz.   Obviously my variable air cap with 44 pf in series was being "diluted" by the additional 220 pf being switched in by the relay -- with the additional capacitance, the change in total capacitance produced by the variable cap (with series cap) was smaller in the 20 meter range than it was in the 40 meter range. 

Clearly, one solution was to play with the value of the cap that I had in series with the variable cap -- increasing it would increase the freq spread (both on 40 and 20).  But how much should I increase it?

By this point I was getting tired of all the manual calculations.  Time for a spreadsheet! I created one, and threw in the values of all the caps and of the coil,  and the resonant frequency formula.  I set it up to display and the resulting freq coverage. 

The freq ranges in the actual ham bands is a bit off -- there may be some stray capacitance and inductance in the circuit that is not being captured in my numbers.   But the important thing was the spread.  The spreadsheet allowed me to see that with a 100 pf cap switched in by the relay and a 74 pf cap in series with the variable, I could cover 180 kHz on 40 and 123 kHz on 20.  That's OK.  This little exercise shows the usefulness of spreadsheets in dealing with this kind of calculation.

You can see my spreadsheet here:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Ak4BJL1-oWiJdElieDY5Y2xVWUtSNDl0anRYLVBBeGc&usp=drive_web#gid=0

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Sunday, December 15, 2013

20/40 BITX Build Update #1: VFO Success


I've started construction on my second BITX transceiver, this one for 20 and 40 meters.  As with the previous rig, I decided to take the VFO first, but this time I pledged not to surrender, not to wimp out with a VXO or (worse!) a DDS.   No, this time it would be a real LC VFO.

I took seriously all the admonitions in the tech literature about the fickle permeability of ferrite and iron powder, so this time I used an old-fashioned air-core coil.  It is wound around a cardboard tube.  The tube was previously the bottom portion of a coat-hanger from the dry cleaner.  I wound 40 or so turns on this core, then measured the inductance:  5.6 uH -- that looked about right.

For the oscillator stage I used a Colpitts circuit very similar to the one in the original BITX schematic (but I am hoping I won't need the varactor diode fine tune mechanism).   I had on hand a nice Heathkit 19-146 pf variable cap with an internal 4:1 reduction drive.  Not wanting to pluck rotor places out of this beautiful part, I had to calculate the series capacitance that would yield a frequency spread of about 175 kHz.  It turned out to be 40 pf.  Then I had to figure out how much capacitance to put in parallel with the variable.  Well, it all ended up like this:


There was a bit of trial and error in the process of getting the VFO to cover the desired range.  A big help in all this was an on-line reactance calculator.  I found this one to be very useful:
  
http://www.1728.org/resfreq.htm

I found that the VFO is more stable if I reduce the voltage from 12 volts down to about 8.  Also, I found that when evaluating the stability, it is better (psychologically!) just to use a stable superhet receiver instead of the frequency counter.  The counter may appear to be jumping around a lot, especially if the signal you are monitoring is not very strong.  Just listening to it at zero beat on the superhet is very reassuring.

I followed the Colpitts oscillator with the FET buffer and two stage BJT amplifiers from page 50 of Doug DeMaw's QRP Notebook (page 50).  I now have the requisite 7 dbm signal.  And it appears to be quite stable. 

I plan using this with an 11 MHz IF, with the VFO running at around 3.875--3.700 for 40 meters and 3.175 -- 3.355 for 20.   I plan to use a small relay to switch in some additional capacitance to move the VFO down to the range for 20 meters.


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Saturday, December 14, 2013

University of Twente's Online Receiver


Wow, I played with this on-line SDR receiver a few years ago and thought it was fantastic.   It is now even better.  I'm sitting here listening to 40 meters in the Netherlands.  Great stuff.   Check it out.  It is really amazing:

http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/

Thanks to Bob, KD4EBM for letting me know about the updates. 

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Friday, December 13, 2013

Circular Polarity and The Water Wheel in Dale's Moonbounce Amplifier

Bill:
 
I'll attach some pix of the feedhorn and LNA for you.

The importance of circular  feeds is that as a linear wave passes through the ionosphere, it undergoes Faraday rotation. So it may arrive at  the station you are talking to having been twisted 90 degrees. This  is a slow progressing process and  on  all bands except 23cM, may cause EU for example to be locked out for hours at a time for linear stations.

With circular polarity, Faraday is a non issue. The feedhorn almost all of us use is a VE4MA that has separate TX and RX probes. The circular polarity is synthesized as the linear wave propagates down the circular waveguide and encounters sets of  capacity stubs. The exact opposite occurs for waves entering the waveguide. The result is we get CW and CCW without having to use any relays (loss) and phasing  lines (loss).

My LNA has a noise figure of under 0.24dB and uniquely connects to a protection relay with no cable or adapters (loss).

The position of the feedhorn and its scalar ring is tediously adjusted by measuring the difference between sun noise and cold sky. W4SC developed a very accurate and repeatable process that uses an SDR RX for this.

I use  a modified C band satellite drive system known as a polar mount so I only need one motor drive to track the moon.

Anyway, hearing my own echoes off the moon was and still is the highlight of my amateur career. 
 
The photos are the feedhorn + LNA, My first water cooled 500W  tube amp, my previous 400W solid state amp (mounts right at the dish). My current design is 600W solid state and will also mount at the dish.

BTW, that little circle in the middle of the tube amp is a paddle wheel that turns as long as water is flowing. A tachometer on the wheel sounds an alarm and shuts down plate voltages   should the wheel stop turning.

I'll keep  you up to date on my BB RX progress- thank you again Bill.

Dale W4OP



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Wednesday, December 11, 2013

The NASA Juno Fly-by "Hams say HI to Juno" Video (very nice)



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Tuesday, December 10, 2013

The QRP Mojo Ceremony



More from Lobstercon (from N2HTT): 
 http://n2htt.net/2013/11/24/there-are-lobsters-in-the-woods/
And thanks to Pete, VE2XPL, for alerting me to all this. 

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Sunday, December 8, 2013

Need help with part construction...

Please take a look and see if you can help me figure out how to make this thing.  The diagram is eschpecially illuminating.
 
 
THE DIE-CAST DROP-FORGED PLASTIC

TRICHOTOMETRIC INDICATOR-SUPPORT
          Inquiries concerning the mounting of the Trichotometric Indicator
          Support indicate that some difficulty is being experienced with the
          brackets which attach the support. As an aid toward fabricating the
          support brackets, the accompanying illustration is provided to show
          the type of material as well as the dimensional data needed. It will
          be noted that in attaching the bracket to the support a special ambi-
          melical hexnut is used. The application of this nut is unique in that
          any attempt to remove it in the conventional manner only tightens it.
          Because of this design, the nut must be fully screwed on before it can
          be screwed off.


 

DRAWN BY
FRED SPOON
SCALE ¼”=1 MILE
NO. 43906
FILE – BAR NONE

 Thanks to ZL2DEX for bringing this to our attention.


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